Ba'c Toa`n me^'n,
Tru+o+'c khi pha't bie^?u y' kie^'n cu?a em ve^` nhu+~ng ddie^`u lie^n
quan
dde^'n ba`i vie^'t cu?a ba'c em xin ddu+o+.c ba`y to? su+. kho' hie^?u
cu?a
em ddo^'i vo+'i chu? dde^` "Ngu+o+`i Ba('c ngu+o+`i Nam" dde^? tra'nh
bi.
coi la` la.c dde^` nhu+ pha^`n du+o+'i em se~ vie^'t.
DDo' la` em kho^ng hie^?u ta.i sao mo^.t so^' ba'c la.i coi chuye^.n ba`
con
Vie^.t Kie^`u mi`nh sau ho+n hai chu.c na(m so^'ng ta.i mo^.t ma?nh
dda^'t
hoa` bi`nh, thi.nh vu+o+.ng nhu+ nu+o+'c My~ va^~n chu+a nguo^i "thu`
cu~"
ma` gom chung ta^'t ca? ngu+o+`i Ba('c (ke^? ca? nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i sinh
na(m
1972 nhu+ chi. Lan Hu+o+ng) tha`nh nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i pha?i chi.u tra'ch
nhie^.m
ve^` nhu+~ng ma^'t ma't, thua thie^.t cu?a ho. la` chuye^.n bi`nh
thu+o+`ng;
trong khi chuye^.n nhu+~ng anh bo^. ddo^.i, du ki'ch sau ha`ng chu.c
na(m ro`ng
so^'ng giu+~a su+. so^'ng va` ca'i che^'t, ta^.n ma('t chu+'ng kie^'n
ddo^`ng
ddo^.i va` ngu+o+`i tha^n bi. sa't ha.i, nha` cu+?a bi. bon dda.n ta`n
pha',
khi ra na('m chi'nh quye^`n qua^n qua?n kho^ng bie^'t pha^n bie^.t dda^u
la`
tu+ sa?n ma.i ba?n, dda^u la` tie^?u thu+o+ng la.i la` chuye^.n kho^ng
the^?
cha^'p nha^.n ddu+o+.c.
Theo em ca? hai ddie^`u dde^`u la` sai, va` vie^.c co^' ga('ng be^nh
vu+.c
hay bie^.n ho^. cho ca'i na`y trong khi phu? nha^.n ca'i kia dde^`u se~
ta.o
ra nhu+~ng ddi.nh kie^'n tai ha.i
-------------------------------------
(Pha^`n na`y no'i chung kho^ng lie^n quan dde^'n chu? dde^` ngu+o+`i
Ba('c,
ngu+o+`i Nam)
Em thuo^.c the^' he^. sinh sau dde? muo^.n, may ma('n la` kho^ng pha?i
tra?i
qua nhu+~ng khoa?nh kha('c "Chie^'n tranh va` hoa` bi`nh" dda^`y ddau
thu+o+ng
va` bi tra'ng cu?a da^n to^.c, vi` va^.y pha^`n lo+'n nhu+~ng chuye^.n
ma` ba'c
vie^'t dde^`u na(`m ngoa`i ta^`m hie^?u bie^'t thu+.c te^' cu?a em. Em
chi?
co' the^? nha^.n thu+'c ddu+o+.c nhu+~ng gi` xa?y ra o+? giai ddoa.n
na`y
qua chi'nh su+? (sa'ch cu?a ca'c nha` xua^'t ba?n co' te^n theo ca'ch
ba'c
go.i) va` da~ su+? (vo^'n so^'ng cu?a nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i nhu+ ba'c). Tuy
chu'ng
co' nhie^`u ca'i ma^u thua^~n nhau nhu+ng ne^'u bie^'t bi`nh ti~nh va`
suy
xe't thi` the^' he^. chu'ng em cu~ng co' the^? hie^?u ddu+o+.c dda^u la`
nhu+~ng ca'i hay va` do+? cu?a qua' khu+'.
Tru+o+'c he^'t chu'ng ta ca^`n nha^.n ddi.nh ra(`ng vo+'i nhu+~ng chi'nh
sa'ch
vi~ mo^ cu?a mo^.t quo^'c gia thi` chuye^.n ddu'ng sai kho^ng pha?i la`
yes/no
question, to be or not to be issue hay zero or one switch. Ne^'u xe't
vo+'i
tu+`ng tru+o+`ng ho+.p, chi'nh sa'ch ddo' co' the^? la` tie^'n bo^. hay
kho^ng
tie^'n bo^., phu` ho+.p hay kho^ng phu` ho+.p, nha^n dda.o hay da~ man,
ddu'ng
hay sai. Tre^n ta^`m vi~ mo^, su+. pha'n xe't ddu'ng sai ddu+o+.c xa'c
ddi.nh
theo nhu+~ng tie^u chi' hoa`n toa`n kha'c cha(?ng ha.n ta'c ddo^.ng cu?a
chu'ng
dde^'n su+. pha't tre^?n cu?a xa~ ho^.i, a?nh hu+o+?ng cu?a chu'ng
dde^'n dda
so^' ngu+o+`i da^n, xu the^' cu?a chu'ng trong bo^'i ca?nh li.ch su+?,
da^'u
a^'n quye^`n lo+.i cu?a giai ca^'p tho^'ng tri. trong chu'ng
v...v...No'i chung
chu'ng dde^`u mang ti'nh tu+o+ng ddo^'i va` ca'ch nhi`n nha^.n luo^n
bie^'n
thie^n theo tho+`i gian.
The^' mo+'i co' chuye^.n khi Ha'n Cao To^? va`o Ha`m Du+o+ng, lua^.t
pha'p chi?
co' 3 ddie^`u dde^? thu phu.c lo`ng da^n. 24 ddo+`i sau, khi Lu+u Bi.
va`o Xuye^n,
ddi.nh ddem kinh nghie^.m ddo' dde^? tri. da^n Xuye^n la.i bi. Kho^?ng
Minh cho
la` sai, no'i ra(`ng lua^.t pha'p pha?i nghie^m minh mo+'i la` to^'t.
Nhu+ va^.y
kho^ng co' nghi~a la` Kho^?ng Minh ddu'ng ma` Cao To^? sai hay ngu+o+.c
la.i, ma`
la` tho+`i the^' mo^~i lu'c mo^~i kha'c. Ne^'u dda(.t mo^.t su+. kie^.n
li.ch
su+? ra ngoa`i tho+`i dda.i cu?a no' thi` cha('c cha('n su+. die^~n
gia?i se~
mang nhie^`u ti'nh nguy. bie^.n.
>
>Ta`i sa?n ma` < HO. > ti.ch thu hoa(.c cu+o+'p cu?a nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i
la`m
>a(n tie^?u thu+o+ng, nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i da`nh du.m du+o+.c chu't tie^`n
cu?a
>mo+? mo^.t doanh nghie^.p, va` ngay ca? cu?a nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i dde^?
da`nh
>ddu+o+.c chu't tie^`n ma(.t bi. gio+'i ha.n ddo^?i tie^`n (2 la^`n) ma`
>ma^'t he^'t thi` dda^u ro^`i. <Ho.> co' bao gio+` nha('c dde^'n hay
la`
><ho.> dda~ va` va^~n <ddu'ng>?
>
Nhu+~ng ta`i sa?n na`y se~ ddu+o+.c sung co^ng, no^.p va`o nga^n sa'ch
nha`
nu+o+'c (chi'nh sa'ch), co`n thu+.c te^' no' ddu+o+.c sung va`o dda^u
thi`
em kho^ng bie^'t (ai la` ngu+o+`i bie^'t dda^y?). Theo em, dda so^'
chu'ng
dde^`u ddu+o+.c sung co^ng.
Ve^` 2 la^`n ddo^?i tie^`n. La^`n thu+' nha^'t nha(`m mu.c ddi'ch
tho^'ng nha^'t
ddo+n vi. tie^`n te^. chung cho 2 mie^`n. Em kho^ng ro~ ca'ch tie^'n
ha`nh
la^`n na`y nhu+ the^' na`o. Ba'c co' the^? gia?i thi'ch rie^ng cho em
ddu+o+.c
kho^ng.
La^`n hai, va`o na(m 1885 - 1986 gi` ddo'. La^`n na`y ddo^?i tie^`n ha.n
che^',
10 ddo^`ng cu~ a(n 1 ddo^`ng mo+'i. Xem la.i sa'ch ba'o, tu+ lie^.u,
nghe ngu+o+`i
tha^n ke^? la.i em co' the^? nha^.n xe't nhu+ sau:
Va`o tho+`i ddie^?m ddo', VN co' to^'c ddo^. la.m pha't phi ma~ (~
1000%/na(m).
To^?ng so^' tie^`n lu+u tho^ng tre^n thi. tru+o+`ng >> gia' tri. ha`ng
hoa' thu+.c
te^' trong xa~ ho^.i. Chi'nh sa'ch ddo^?i tie^`n co' ha.n che^' ddu+a ra
dde^?
nha(`m cha^'m du+'t ca'i vo`ng xoa'y lua^?n qua^?n: ta(ng gia'/in the^m
tie^`n/la.m
pha't/ta(ng gia'/...DDo^'i tu+o+.ng thie^.t ha.i nhie^`u nha^'t la` bo.n
tham
o^, buo^n la^.u, con phe... do giu+~ tie^`n nhie^`u. Ba` con tie^?u
thu+o+ng
ne^'u co' thie^.t ha.i cu~ng kho^ng dda'ng ke^? do o+? tho+`i ddie^?m
ddo', dda^'t
nu+o+'c co`n nghe`o, ne^'u chi? buo^n ba'n nhi` nha(`ng dde^? kie^'m
so^'ng
thi` cu~ng kho^ng co' du+. tru+~ tie^`n ma(.t lo+'n dde^'n qua' gio+'i
ha.n,
co^ng chu+'c so^'ng ba(`ng ddo^`ng lu+o+ng ca`ng ddo+~. Ta^`ng lo+'p
sa?n xua^'t
nho? cu~ng kho^ng chi.u a?nh hu+o+?ng do ho. na('m trong tay tu+ lie^.u
sa?n
xua^'t va` sa?n pha^?m, nhu+~ng cu?a ca?i va^.t cha^'t phi tie^`n te^.
>Ai se~ dde^`n nhu+~ng to^.i na`y? Co' ai bie^'t dde^'n nhu+~ng ba` me.
ddau
>kho^?, da`nh du.m ddu+o+.c chu't tie^`n ma(.t sau ma^'y na(m la`m
vie^.c,
>buo^n ba'n, mua ddu+o+.c (tu+ hu+~u nhe' !) mo^.t cho^~ o+?, mua mo^.t
doanh
>nghie^.p nho nho?, co' chu't tie^`n cho con cha'u, ro^`i bi. lo^i ra
tro?
>va`o ma(.t ba?o la` < tie^?u tu+ sa?n,> ti.ch thu ddo^` <ti'ch tru+?>,
>kie^?m ke^ va` nie^m tu+` ba`n ghe^' cho to+'i ca'i tu? ba`n tho+`.
Ddo^?i
>tie^`n gio+'i ha.n, bao nhie^u co`n la.i ma^'t he^'t vi` ca^'m ddo^?i
ho+n.
>Va` nhu+~ng gia ddi`nh bi. to^'ng ddi ca'i go.i la` <kinh te^' mo+'i>,
nha`
>cu+?a bi. cu+o+'p sa.ch, khi ve^` ra che va`i ta^'m tranh ca.nh ddo^'ng
ra'c
>ga Sa`igo`n, so^'ng qua nga`y.
>
>Cha('c kho^ng ai tra'ch nhie^.m ca? thi` pha?i. Nhu+~ng tro` na`y te^.
ha.i
>la('m. Chie^'n tranh ga^y ddau kho^?, ngu+o+`i ti. na.n chie^'n tranh
co`n
>mong mo^.t nga`y bi`nh, nhu+ng khu?ng bo^' co' cha'nh sa'ch nhu+ va^.y
>cu+o+'p luo^n ca? nhu+~ng hy vo.ng va` pha^?m gia' mo?ng manh co`n la.i
cu?a
>con ngu+o+`i. Nha^'t la` no' dde^'n tu+` nhu+~ng ke? na('m quye^`n
trong
>tay, na('m < tha('ng lo+.i >.
>
Ba'c le^n a'n ddanh the'p qua'. Nhu+ng thu+.c su+. la` em i't khi bi.
thuye^'t
phu.c bo+?i nhu+~ng lo+`i le^n a'n chu? quan (ke^? ca? nhu+~ng lo+`i ma`
chi'nh
quye^`n VN va^~n thu+o+`ng du`ng trong ca'ch tuye^n truye^`n cu?a ho.).
Ca'ch
na`y no'i chung kho^ng thuye^'t phu.c ddu+o+.c nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i kha'c
quan
ddie^?m. Ly' lua^.n cu?a em nhu+ the^' na`y, ba'c thu+? xem the^' na`o:
Khi mo^.t dda^'t nu+o+'c tho^'ng nha^'t tu+` nhu+~ng pha^`n co' che^'
ddo^.
chi'nh tri./xa~ ho^.i kha'c nhau, nha` ca^`m quye^`n se~ pha?i ddi.nh ra
mo^.t
hi`nh tha'i chi'nh tri./xa~ ho^.i chung cho quo^'c gia chung ddo'. Nha`
ca^`m
quye^`n tho^ng thu+o+`ng se~ la^'y chua^?n mu+.c la` che^' ddo^. cu?a
mi`nh,
du+o+'i ma('t ho. la` tie^'n bo^., dde^? a'p dda(.t no' le^n ca'c
pha^`n kha'c.
Mo.i thay ddo^?i ca^`n thie^'t se~ ddu+o+.c tie^'n ha`nh dde^? co+ the^?
chung
khoa'c vu+`a chie^'c a'o mo+'i ddo'. Nhu+~ng gi` vu+o+.t ra ngu+o+`i
khuo^n
kho^? hay ma^u thua^~n vo+'i chi'nh sa'ch chung dde^`u se~ bi. loa.i
bo?. Mo^.t
so^' ta^`ng lo+'p se~ bi. ma^'t ma't, thua thie^.t, dda(.c bie^.t la`
ca'c
ta^`ng lo+'p co' nhie^`u dda(.c lo+.i trong xa~ ho^.i cu~. No'i chung
dda^y la`
nhu+~ng cuo^.c "ho^n nha^n" i't nhie^`u mang ti'nh cu+o+~ng e'p.
Xin la^'y vi' du..
Nu+o+'c My~ sau no^.i chie^'n vo+'i chie^'n tha('ng thuo^.c ve^` mie^`n
Ba('c.
Mie^`n Ba('c tie^'n ha`nh mo^.t giai ddoa.n ta'i thie^'t
(reconstruction)
nha(`m hoa` nha^.p la.i ca'c tie^?u bang mie^`n Nam va`o quo^'c gia
chung.
Giai ddoa.n na`y ke'o da`i tu+` 4 dde^'n 5 na(m (tuy` tu+`ng bang
du+o+'i su+.
ddie^`u ha`nh cu?a 1 chi'nh quye^`n qua^n qua?n). Mo^.t so^' chi'nh
sa'ch
tie^'n bo^. cu?a mie^`n Ba('c ddu+o+.c a'p dda(.t le^n mie^`n Nam (gia?i
pho'ng no^ le^., gia?i gia'p qua^n ddo^.i mie^`n Nam, quye^`n bo?
phie^'u
cu?a ngu+o+`i da dden, cho^'ng dda?ng 3K). Tuy nhie^n cu~ng na?y sinh
mo^.t
so^' ddie^`u tie^u cu+.c (DDa?ng Da^n chu? bi. ha.n che^' hoa.t ddo^.ng,
cu?a
ca?i cu?a ca'c dda.i ddie^`n chu? mie^`n Nam bi. ti.ch thu, cu+o+'p
bo'c,
tra^'n lo^.t tho^ng qua ca'c chi'nh sa'ch nhu+ bo? tie^`n mie^`n Nam,
huy?
gia' tri. cu?a nhu+~ng to+` co^ng tra'i do mie^`n Nam pha't ha`nh
tru+o+'c
ddo', ti'nh la.i thue^' dda^'t va` nhu+~ng ha`nh ddo^.ng cu+o+'p bo'c
theo
nghi~a dden kha'c). Ai ddu+o+.c lo+.i? Nu+o+'c My~ no'i chung. Bo.n
carpetbaggers,
bo.n va` ngu+o+`i no^ le^. da dden. Ai thua thie^.t? DDo' la` ta^`ng
lo+'p
ddie^`n chu?, nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i hu+o+?ng nhie^`u dda(.c quye^`n, dda(.c
lo+.i
trong che^' ddo^. tru+o+'c ddo'.
Nu+o+'c DDu+'c sau tho^'ng nha^'t. Mo^ hi`nh chi'nh tri./kinh te^'/xa~
ho^.i
cu?a Ta^y DDu+'c ddu+o+.c a'p du.ng. Ai ddu+o+.c lo+.i? Nu+o+'c DDu+'c
no'i
chung. Ai thua thie^.t? Nhu+~ng co^ng nha^n la`m vie^.c trong ca'c nha`
ma'y,
xi' nghie^.p quo^'c doanh bi. ddo'ng cu+?a pha?i sung va`o ddo^.i qua^n
tha^'t
nghie^.p, mo^.t bo^. pha^.n nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i so^'ng ba(`ng lu+o+ng hu+u
tri'
cu?a DDo^ng DDu+'c va` nha^'t la` ca'c dda?ng vie^n va` nha^n vie^n
chi'nh
quye^`n cu?a nha` nu+o+'c DDo^ng DDu+'c. Ho. cu~ng la` nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i
co'
nhie^`u quye^`n lo+.i trong xa~ ho^.i cu~.
O+? Vie^.t nam sau tho^'ng nha^'t. Mo^ hi`nh mie^`n Ba('c ddu+o+.c a'p
du.ng.
Co^ng hu+~u, kinh te^' ta^.p the^?...Ai co' lo+.i? Vie^.t nam no'i
chung.
(cho^~ na`y kho^ng pha?i ai cu~ng se~ ddo^`ng y' nhu+ng dda^y la` y'
kie^'n cu?a
em). Ai thua thie^.t? Nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i co^.ng ta'c vo+'i chi'nh quye^`n
cu~,
nha` ca^`m quye^`n tay sai cu?a My~. Va` sau ddo' la` nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i
tu+
ba?n lo+'n, nho? nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i co' nhie^`u dda(.c lo+.i trong che^'
ddo^.
cu~.
Va^.y la` VN cu~ng kho^ng na(`m ngoa`i quy lua^.t.
Nu+o+'c My~ nga`y nay dda~ kho^ng co`n nhu+~ng hie^`m khi'ch va` chia
re~
Nam, Ba('c, nu+o+'c DDu+'c cu~ng se~ da^`n xoa' ddi ddu+o+.c ca'i ho^'
nga(n
ca'ch DDo^ng - Ta^y, va^.y thi` VN cu~ng ddang ma^'t ddi nhu+~ng khoa?ng
ca'ch
cu~. Va` ddie^`u na`y thi` chi? co' tu+`ng ngu+o+`i da^n mo+'i co' the^?
la`m
ddu+o+.c.
>
>Kho^ng bie^'t chu'ng ta co' tha^.t lo`ng ho?i ta.i sao ngu+o+`i ta bo?
cha.y
>dde^'n nhu+ va^.y? Co' mo^.t lu'c thi` theo mo^.t lo+`i le~ < na`o ddo'
(xin
>phe'p mo+` a'm) >, nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i bo? cha.y kie^?u na`y go.i la`
nhu+~ng
>ke? < ma.i ba?n > (no'i toe.t no^m la` < ba'n tha^n, ba'n con ngu+o+`n
>mi`nh>, cha.y theo v.v... va` v.v..
>
>Con ngu+o+`i co`n hy vo.ng, co`n pha^?m gia' la` co`n ba'm nha`, ba'm
>ngu+o+`i tha^n, ba'm la^'y que^ hu+o+ng dde^? mu+u ti`m hay cho+`
ddo+.i
>mo^.t nga`y mai. Nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i bo? cha.y la` nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i kho^ng
co`n
>tha^'y hy vo.ng nu+~a, kho^ng co`n nhi`n ra co' nga`y mai o+? no+i ddo'
>nu+~a.
>
>Chu'ng ta ne^n hie^?u cho ro~. Khi hie^?u ddu? thi` ta tu+. bie^'t
dde^?
>ma` cho.n mo^.t tha'i ddo^., mo^.t quan ddie^?m cho mi`nh va` ddo^'i
vo+'i
>ngu+o+`i.
>
>Co' nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i du` dda~ chu+'ng kie^'n ma` la`m nhu+ li.ch su+?
chi?
>ddu'ng theo sa'ch vo+? cu?a nhu+~ng nha` xua^'t ba?n thuo^.c loa.i co'
te^n
>la` su+. tha^.t. Hoa(.c ngu+o+`i ta so+. quye^`n lu+.c, chi.u he`n
chi.u
>nhu.c dde^? ma` so^'ng ---cu~ng hie^?u ddu+o+.c va` ca?m tho^ng
ddu+o+.c.
>
>Nhu+ng con ngu+o+`i co' gio+'i ha.n. dde^'n mu+'c ddo^. na`o thi`
hoa(.c bo?
>ddi, hoa(.c pha?i cho^'ng cu+. la.i. Ta khi tha^'y khi hie^?u ma` co`n
>lu+?ng lo+ hay la`m lo+ la` vo^ lie^m si~, va` do^'i vo+'i chi'nh
mi`nh,
>nhu+ mo^.t con ngu+o+`i co' hy vo.ng, co' pha^?m gia'.
>
DDoa.n na`y thi` ba'c xu'c ddo^.ng qua' ne^n ca'ch ly' lua^.n mang
na(.ng
ca?m ti'nh. Ba'c cho la` nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i o+? la.i la` chi.u he`n, chi.u
nhu.c dde^? so^'ng la` cu+.c ky` vo^ ca(n cu+'. Na(m nay la` na(m 1998
ro^`i.
Ho+n 50% da^n so^' VN du+o+'i 30 tuo^?i (tu+'c la` chu+a sinh hoa(.c
du+o+'i 7 tuo^?i va`o na(m 1975). Vo+'i so^' ngu+o+`i na`y, khi lo+'n
le^n
ho. dda~ tha^'y dda^'t nu+o+'c tho^'ng nha^'t nhu+ mo^.t le~ tu+.
nhie^n. Ho.
cha? ca^`n pha?i nghi~ theo ca'i kie^?u "chi'nh nghi~a cu?a to^i bi.
ngu+o+`i
kha'c la^'y ma^'t." Ho. chi? bie^'t co' 1 VN, 1 dda^'t nu+o+'c, 1 to^?
quo^'c.
Ho. co' the^? ba^'t ddo^`ng vo+'i chi'nh quye^`n nhu+ng se~ kho^ng he^`
ca?m
tha^'y mi`nh pha?i chi.u he`n khi so^'ng ngay tre^n que^ hu+o+ng mi`nh.
Vo+'i ga^`n 50% tre^n 30 tuo^?i (gia? su+? so^' na`y chia dde^`u 50%
so^'ng
o+? hai phi'a Nam, Ba('c vi~ tuye^'n 17 tru+o+'c na(m 75) thi` co' i't
nha^'t
99,99% trong so^' 50% o+? mie^`n Ba('c va` 90% trong so^' 50% o+? mie^`n
Nam,
kho^ng ca?m tha^'y chu't gi` nhu.c nha~ khi kho^ng cha.y ddu+o+.c ra
nu+o+'c
ngoa`i. (dda^y hoa`n toa`n la` ca'c con so^' chu? quan)
To^?ng cu?a so^' na`y nhu+ va^.y la` : 50% + (99.99%*50% + 90%*50%)*50%
~
97,5%.
Cho em ke^'t thu'c o+? dda^y. Mong ddu+o+.c trao ddo^?i tie^'p vo+'i
ba'c.
Cha`o ba'c,
Lu+o+ng
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